Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) have emerged as a prominent technology for wastewater treatment due to their excellent removal efficiencies and compact footprint. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely implemented in MBR systems owing to their possessing resistance to fouling, chemical resi

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are gaining popularity in wastewater treatment due to their capacity to produce high-quality effluent. A key factor influencing MBR performance is the selection and optimization of the membrane module. The design of the module, including the type of membrane material, p